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Finally, in the last method, the concentration of indigo is determined by redox titration with potassium hexacyanoferrate (K3(Fe(CN)6)).

The second method determines the concentration of indigo in its leuco form in aqueous medium by UV-visible spectrophotometry at 407 nm. The organic solution is measured by Ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry at 604 nm. The first method is based on the extraction of the dye, with chloroform, in its oxidized form. In this work, three analytical methods were studied and validated with the aim to select a reliable, fast and automated method for the indigo dye determination. The control of the indigo concentration in dyeing liquors and effluents is an important tool to ensure the reproducibility of the dyed fabrics and also to establish the efficiency of the wastewater treatment. Indigo is one of the most important dyes in the textile industry. All rights reserved.Ī Critical Comparison of Methods for the Analysis of Indigo in Dyeing Liquors and Effluentsīuscio, Valentina Crespi, Martí Gutiérrez-Bouzán, Carmen Copyright © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. The cyanobacteria showed the ability to degrade the dyes present in a textile effluent therefore, they can be used in a tertiary treatment of effluents with recalcitrant compounds. Two metabolites were produced during the degradation, anthranilic acid and isatin, but toxicity did not increase after the treatment. No mutagenicity was observed after the treatment. An evaluation of the mutagenicity potential was performed by use of the micronucleus assay using Allium sp. autumnale UTEX1580 was the only strain that completely degraded the indigo dye. However, the growth of cyanobacteria on sludge was slow and discoloration was not efficient. The three cyanobacteria showed the potential to remediate textile effluent by removing the colour and reducing the toxicity.

Toxicity was measured using the organisms Hydra attenuata, the alga Selenastrum capricornutum and lettuce seeds. The discoloration was evaluated by absorption spectroscopy. The dye degradation efficiency of the cyanobacteria was compared with anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic systems in terms of discolouration and toxicity evaluations. The degradation of three textile dyes ( Indigo, RBBR and Sulphur Black), and the dye-containing liquid effluent and solid waste from the Municipal Treatment Station, Americana, São Paulo, Brazil, by the cyanobacteria Anabaena flos-aquae UTCC64, Phormidium autumnale UTEX1580 and Synechococcus sp. Strict adherence to the FCTC is warranted, with careful and vigilant attention that all tobacco products are covered by laws in both high as well as middle to lower income countries.Degradation of textile dyes by cyanobacteria.ĭellamatrice, Priscila Maria Silva-Stenico, Maria Estela Moraes, Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Fiore, Marli Fátima Monteiro, Regina Teresa Rosimĭyes are recalcitrant compounds that resist conventional biological treatments. Understanding reasons behind the rise in waterpipe tobacco use is important if appropriate prevention, cessation, and policy interventions are to be formulated. These themes, though specific to waterpipe, are similar to themes manipulated by the cigarette industry, and eventually controlled through tobacco control policies. Men and women, smokers and non-smokers, and younger and older participants differed in their emphases on the above themes. The main themes identified were availability, affordability, innovation, influence of media, lack of a policy framework, and the sensory characteristics evoked from WTS. The interviews and focus groups were thematically analyzed, and recurrent themes noted and summarized. Participants were recruited to represent diversity in smoking status, gender, age groups and urban/rural residence. Qualitative focus groups (25) and in-depth interviews (9) were conducted with adults in Lebanon in 2007. This research aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the factors contributing to the rise in WTS in Lebanon. There is evidence to indicate both short term and long term health effects of WTS, resulting in the issuance of an advisory note by the World Health Organization. The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in the Middle East region and worldwide is increasing.